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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00169_Field_frep71.txt
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1996-12-30
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We judge depth in many
ways, some of which are so
obvious that they hardly
require mention (but I will
anyhow). When the size of
something is roughly known, as
is so for a person, tree, or cat,
we can judge its distance--at
the risk of being fooled by
dwarves, bonsai, or lions. If one
object is partly in front of
another and blocks its view, we
judge the front object as closer.
The images of parallel lines like
railroad tracks as they go off
into the distance draw closer
together: this is an example of
perspective, a powerful
indicator of depth. A bump on a
wall that juts out is brighter on
top if the light source comes
from above (as light sources
generally do), and a pit in a
surface lit from above is darker
in its upper part: if the light is
made to come from below,
bumps look like pits and pits
like bumps. A major clue to
depth is parallax, the relative
motions of near and far objects
that is produced when we move
our heads from side to side or up
and down. Rotating a solid
object even through a small
angle can make its shape
immediately apparent. If we use
our lens to focus on a near
object, a far one will be out of
focus, and by varying the shape
of the lens--by changing
accommodation (described in
Chapters 2 and 6)--we should be
able to determine how far an
object is. Changing the relative
directions of the eyes, adjusting
the toeing in or toeing out, will
bring the two images of an
object together over a narrow
range of convergence or
divergence. Thus in principle
the adjustment of either lens or
eye position could tell us an
object's distance, and many
range finders are based on
these principles. Except for the
convergence and divergence,
all these depth cues need
involve only one eye.
Stereopsis, perhaps the most
important mechanism for
assessing depth, depends on the
use of the two eyes together. In
any scene with depth, our two
eyes receive slightly different
images. You can satisfy yourself
of this simply by looking
straight ahead and moving your
head quickly about 4 inches to
the right or left or by quickly
alternating eyes by opening one
and closing the other. If you are
facing a flat object, you won't
see much difference, but if the
scene contains objects at
different distances, you will
see marked changes. In
stereopsis, the brain compares
the images of a scene on the two
retinas and estimates relative
depths with great accuracy.